Influence Of Cultural Values On Advertising Essay

Influence of Cultural Values in Advertising Name: Institution: Introduction Commercial products of multinational companies are being marketed to people from different cultures owing to an increased growth in the world economy (Lin, 2012). Samli (1995) states that in most cases, consumer attitudes are largely driven by the framework of their culture. Mooji points out that global marketing strategies are not culture-free and should not be because its influence on consumer behavior is profound (1998, 2005) .In his article â€Å"The Globalization of Markets†, Levitt (1983) argued that customers can be persuaded by the same advertising appeals and values, irrespective of the culture they belong to. Different frameworks have been used to examine culturally based advertising and subsequently how culture impacts advertising. Two of such frameworks to be highlighted are: i.) low/high context, collectivism/individualism, hard/soft sell appeals (Lin et al., 2012); ii.) sociological research; ethnology inspired research and cross-cultural psychology inspired research (Dahl, 2004). Various authors examined advertisements in countries representing the Far-East (China) and Western (U.S.A.) countries in regard to the two contexts stated. i.) Low/High Context, Collectivism/Individualism and Hard/Soft Sell Appeals Lin et al. (2012) reviewed advertisements of similar products in the two countries and found that commercials in the United States contained a higher level of low contextShow MoreRelatedAdvertisement And Culture Of The Media1658 Words   |  7 Pages Advertisement and Cultural Transformation in Middle East: In Special Context to Oman Abhishek K. Singh Faculty, Department of Communication Studies, College of Applied Sciences Sultanate of Oman dr.asingh89@gmail.com ______________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction In the era of information society, media is playing a very crucial part in everyday lives. It influences both how we see ourselves and society in all perspectives. There are differentRead MoreAdvertisements Influence Consumers1048 Words   |  5 PagesDraft 1st 09/28/10 Advertisements Influence Consumers Nowadays, there are a lot of advertisements of various brands in television, magazines, newspaper, the Internet or on the streets. We are living in a world which advertisements appear in many kinds of methods twenty four hours a day. Advertisements often use different images to promote their products for obtaining more economic benefits; the advertisement also brings many bad influences to audiences as well. Because advertisementsRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Brand By A Business Is The Target Of Any Given Business930 Words   |  4 Pagescompetitors in sales (Marquis, 134-143). Advertising is a central aspect in brand development and a successful business applies the most effective advertising platforms in order to strengthen their brand. Through advertising, the performance of a brand is positively impacted since it influences the purchase decisions and more importantly, the behavior of the consumers. Advertising is related with the image and more importantly is determined and portrays the cultural values of the target audience. The awarenessRead MoreMass Media and Popular Culture953 Words   |  4 Pagesamong the media; address the impact of the mass media on advertising, and enculturation, as well as the impact of the Internet and globalization on popular culture, and the interpersonal communication and formation of normative cultural values. The description of the definition of mass media on enculturation is defined as â€Å"the process by which an individual learns the traditional content of a culture and assimilates its practices and values†. (Merriam-Webster, 2009). The media is part of our dayRead MoreSupporting Business Documents : How Accurate And Complete They Are For Existing Users1397 Words   |  6 PagesSUPPORTING BUSINESS DOCUMENTS SUMMARIZING THESE DOCUMENTS HOW ACCURATE AND COMPLETE THEY ARE TO DETERMINE THE ADVERTING CONTENTS Reassurances for Existing Users While presenting the advertising proposals, it is more important to find a very nervous client trying to build reassurances for existing users, that stimulates new usership nor reassures existing users in their behavior. 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There was a time advertising relied solely on discourse and conveying a product candidly but it has since evolved and begun to incorporate pop culture. The focus on the advertisement is portraying goods or services in their best light possible and make them appear to be a characteristic of an ideal life. The main factor of advertising relies on making a consumer believe that their quality of life relies on commodities. TheirRead More Television Advertisement789 Words   |  4 Pagesadvertisement standardization/adaptation at the international level refers mainly to the manipulation by the manager of the promotional mix elements (Bradley Sousa, 2005). Supporters of standardization say a trend is sweeping both marketing and advertising – the movement to create products that are manufactured, packaged and promoted the same way around the world, regardless of individual cultures (Mueller, 1989). 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Cultural programmes where there is the use of local language is highlighted as an aspect of cultural development by both the interviewees and focus groups. An elderly presenter on Radio Rhino was another good example for cultural development as he was well versed with the norms, values and traditions of the local community. The programme Tekwaro presented by okullu Arach contributes

Legalizing Steroids Is Dangerous - 604 Words

Legalizing steroids is dangerous because they are not controllable. Steroids are becoming popular, but no one is stopping to take a look at all the facts about the use of them. Remy an avid steroid user who regrets using steroids suggests, â€Å"There is no controlled way to use steroids† (Campbell 3). Everyone’s bodies react different to what steroids can do. Some more dangerous than others. Controlling steroid use is impossible because everyone uses different amounts and even a little can be dangerous. Harrison Pope a professor of psychiatry at Harvard’s McLean Hospital says, â€Å"The preliminary data on steroids suggest that long-term use damages the muscle of the heart, significantly increasing the risk of an attack† (Butterworth 2). A continued use of steroids would do damage not only on the heart but the whole body as well. Heart damage is very likely while using steroids. Views of the opposition suggest that they are not worried about the un-contro lling factors. Tim Cowlishaw a sports writer for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette states, â€Å"I think if we made everything legal, we would learn eventually which drugs and creams, and heaven forbid, antler sprays actually have benefits and what their risks are† (Cowlishaw 1). If society made steroids legal, controlling amounts would not be imaginable. Anyone could get their hands on it, which could lead to over-use and endangerment of human health. Legalizing steroids represents cheating in all sports across the nation. â€Å"There will alwaysShow MoreRelatedShould Drugs Be Banned?942 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered safe for humans to consume at any given period. This act has aided the farmers well, they can have more income due to steroid FDA has approved for the animals used for the production of meat. Steroids uses on animals’ are not primarily used for meat protection. They have some medical situations were steroids are given to animals especially domestic pets. 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Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male Free Essays

Between 1932 and 1972, the United States Government engaged in a scientific study in which approximately 400 African-American men infected with syphilis were diagnosed but left untreated. The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis was led by the United States Public Health Service (PHS). It took advantage of uneducated, poor African-American farmers from Macon County, Alabama. We will write a custom essay sample on Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male or any similar topic only for you Order Now The movie â€Å"Miss Evers’ Boys† reveals that the Tuskegee Study was conducted by a group of Southern doctors, and tells the story of the 400 African-American men who were the uninformed subjects of this study, which sought to determine whether untreated syphilis affects African-American men in the same way that it does white men. Further data for the study were to be collected from autopsies. Although originally projected for completion within six months, the study actually remained in progress for 40 years. At first, these African-Americans were treated for the disease, but once funding for the study was cut, treatment ceased. The study proceeded without informing its subjects that they were no longer being medicated. Miss Evers was told that once the Government realizes that the study has remained in progress, new funds will be made available within a year. But the study went on for forty years, without the researchers resuming the men’s treatment at any point. The men were simply given placebos, then observed. They were even given spinal taps (â€Å"back shots†) to give them the impression that they are receiving treatment. Penicillin became available, but it was not administered to them, partly because of a rumor that it could kill them, but mostly because the researching doctors did not want the study’s outcomes jeopardized by this unforeseen variable. Most of the men died, and some went crazy; very few were alive at the end of the forty-year research period. The eventual finding was that untreated syphilis affects African-Americans and whites alike. The study began with good intentions. In 1929, prior to its inception, the blood-testing of African-Americans was funded by The Rosenwald Foundation for Black Community Development in the South. These blood tests were intended to locate the presence of syphilis, after which treatment could begin. When it transpired that treating all the infected men would be monetarily unfeasible, Dr. Taliaferro Clark, director of the PHS, proposed the study of the effects of untreated syphilis (in its late stages) in the black male. This study was to be an initiative of the Tuskegee Institute in Macon County, Alabama. After Dr. Clark retired in June of 1933, Dr. Raymond Vonderlehr succeeded him as Director of the Division of Venereal Diseases. The true nature of the study had to be kept from the subjects, to ensure their cooperation. Its goal was to discover how syphilis affects blacks as distinct from whites—the theory being that whites experience more neurological complications from syphilis, whereas blacks are more susceptible to cardiovascular damage. How this knowledge was to be useful in the clinical treatment of syphilis is uncertain. Regulations for using human beings in medical experiments are strict, and require that patients have a full knowledge and clear understanding of the experiment’s health risks and benefits. Yet the government doctors associated with the study refused even to use the term â€Å"syphilis. Instead, they misled their subjects by simply informing them that they had â€Å"bad blood. † Even when penicillin became available in 1947, these men were denied access to it, because its administration would interfere with the findings of the study. Local physicians, draft boards and PHS venereal disease programs were given as information nothing more than a list of â₠¬Å"subjects. † The only treatment the men received was aspirin and iron supplements. Since none of them had ever had more than a little healthcare, they believed that what they were getting as treatment was very effective cure for bad blood. In exchange for taking part in the study, the men received free medical examinations, free hot meals, a certificate signed by the Surgeon General, and a $50 burial stipend. Syphilis is a highly contagious disease caused by the spirochete Treponema Pallidum. Acquired T. Pallidum enters the body through skin mucous membranes, usually during sexual contact. Congenital Syphilis (CS) is transmitted to the fetus from the infected mother when the spirochete penetrates the placenta. Syphilis is a systemic disease, attacking tissues throughout the body. After initial penetration, the spirochetes multiply rapidly. First they enter the lymph capillaries, where they are transported to the nearest lymph gland. There they multiply, and are released into the blood stream. Within days the spirochetes invade every part of the body. A multi-organ infection, CS may result in a the neurologic or musculoskeletal handicap, or death, of the fetus when not properly treated. Trends in the CS rates of women of childbearing age follow by approximately one year the rates of primary and secondary syphilis. Racial/ethnic minorities continue to be affected disproportionately by CS. No biologic association exists between race and the risk of delivering an infant with CS; race serves as a marker of other factors, such as poverty and access to health care, in communities with high syphilis rates (5-7). Individual factors, such as illicit drug use and the â€Å"wanted† status of a pregnancy, also influence the chances of a mother delivering an infant with CS. In acquired syphilis, the organism rapidly penetrates intact mucous membranes or microscopic dermal abrasions, and, within a few hours, enters the lymphatics and blood to produce systemic infection. The central nervous system is invaded early in the infection. Examinations demonstrate that there are abnormal findings in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of more than 30% of patients in the secondary stage of the infection. In the first 5-10 years of contracting the infection, its principal involvement is with the meninges and blood vessels, resulting in meningovascular neurosyphilis. Later, the parenchyma of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, resulting in parenchymatous neurosyphilis. Three stages mark the progression of the disease: primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary stage commences 10-60 days after infection. Lesions usually appear at the point of contact, which is typically the genitals. After that, a painless, somewhat raised round ulcer appears. This chancre may be so small that it goes undetected. Leading into the secondary stage, the chancre will heal within 30-60 days without any treatment, leaving a scar that can remain for months. The secondary stage lasts from approximately 6 weeks to 6 months. During this time, a rash similar to measles or chicken pox appears on the skin. Fever, indigestion and headaches may accompany the rash. Bones and joints may be painful, and cardiac palpitations may also develop. In some cases, highly infectious, spirochete-laden ulcers may appear in the mouth. Scalp hair may drop out in patches, creating a moth-eaten appearance. Syphilis in the tertiary stage manifests as gummy or rubbery tumors on the skin, which is the result of spirochete concentration in body tissue. These sores band together into large, encrusted ulcers that consist s of several layers of dry matter. â€Å"Tumors may also attack and weaken the walls of heart or blood vessels. Heart valves may no longer open and close properly, resulting in leakage. The stretching vessel walls may produce an aortic aneurysm, a balloon-like bulge. If the bulge bursts, as often is the case, the result is sudden death† (Pyle). Many factors declare the destructive Tuskegee experiment wrong, regardless of whether it contributed to the fight against syphilis. There were 28 deaths directly attributable to the syphilis experiments, 100 deaths due to the complications of the disease, 40 wives of experiment subjects were infected by the disease, and 19 children were born with congenital syphilis. Risks have to be taken in science for the sake of advancement, and risks always have some negative consequences. But scientific experimentation on people selected on the basis of their skin color and social class, then kept ignorant of their condition and its danger to themselves and to others, and misled to believe that they are receiving curative treatment, is nothing short of a conspiratorial act of pure evil. The Tuskeegee experiment went on until 1972, close to thirty years after penicillin was discovered during the ’forties. Syphilis, the deadly bacterium Treponema pallidum, had reached epidemic proportions in the past. Science should strive to make the world a better environment to live in. It is to be applauded when its research efforts make great strikes to this end. But in the case of the Tuskegee Study, the wrong done in the name of scientific research far outweighs the right. This study made victims of its subjects, and of people connected with them, knowingly and unnecessarily. It wantonly lied to the subjects who had volunteered in good faith, first by refusing to disclose the exact nature of the medical condition, then by pretending to them that they were receiving curative treatment, then again y withholding the apt curative treatment that became available. This study sought out African-American men who had been infected by syphilis, then proceeded to treat them like purpose-serving injected lab rats. Even after the whistle was blown in 1972, in a Washington Star article by Jean Heller, the public health service remained unrepentant, insisting that the men had freely volunteered to become the subjects of the study. An Alabama state health official even tried to make light of Heller’s revelation of gross abuse and deception: â€Å"People are making a mountain out of a molehill. Science is a necessary part of life. But for its great achievements, mankind would still be in the Dark Ages. However, pursuit of the advancement of scientific knowledge must never cross the well-marked line between that which is necessary, and that which is cruel and unnecessary. The Tuskegee syphilis experiment did cross that line, and that besmirched scientific research and the integrity even of its ethical practitioners. Work cited Pyle, Kevin C. â€Å"Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. † Available at: http://www. dreamscape. com/morgana/adrastea. htm. How to cite Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, Essay examples

Lactase Enzyme free essay sample

This lab will examine the specificity of an enzyme (lactase) to a specific substrate (lactose). Students will observe the actions of the enzyme and how shape is important to enzyme reactions. Background information: Lactose, the sugar found in milk, is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose (both six-sided sugars). Sucrose, ordinary table sugar, is also a disaccharide composed of fructose and glucose. Glucose is a six-sided sugar and fructose is a five-sided sugar. Lactase is an enzyme that breaks lactose down into galactose and glucose. Lactase can be purchased in pill form by people who are lactose intolerant. These people lack the enzyme, lactase, and cannot break down the sugar lactose into its component parts. Although lactose is similar to sucrose, lactase will break down only lactose because of the shape of the sugar. In this lab, you will see lactase break lactose down into galactose and glucose. You will also observe what happens if the shape of lactase is changed due to heating. We will write a custom essay sample on Lactase Enzyme or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Materials/ resources: * Lactase tablets: these can be bought in any drug store or grocery store. Fifteen milliliters of milk: any milk will work. Water: used for dissolving the lactase tablet, dissolving the sucrose and boiling the lactase. * Sucrose: five grams per group. * One hundred milliliter graduated cylinder/ten milliliter graduated cylinder: measuring water and enzyme amounts. * Three four hundred milliliter beakers: used for dissolving the lactase tablet, dissolving the sucrose and boiling the lactase. * Five test tubes: these tubes hold the different solution mixtures. * Test tube rack: hold the test tubes. * Marking pencil: mark the test tubes so that confusion does not occur. * Clock * Hot plate with a Pyrex test tube for denaturing the enzyme. Glucose test strips: these strips can be found in any drugstore. Stirring rod: helps to mix up the lactase tablet in the water. Lab procedures: 1. Gather the materials. 2. Label the test tubes with the following labels: 0 A. Test tube with skim milk and enzyme solution. B. Test tube with skim milk and water. C. Test tube with skim milk and denatured enzyme solution. D. Test tube with sucrose solution and enzyme solution. E. Test tube with sucrose solution and water. 3. In test tube A add two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of enzyme solution. 4. Time for two minutes and test for glucose with the glucose test tape. Record this data in table 1. If there was glucose present mark a ‘+’ in the table. If glucose was absent, mark a ‘-’ in the table. 5. In test tube B add two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of water. 6. Repeat step 4. 7. In test tube C add two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of denatured enzyme solution. 8. Repeat step 4. 9. In test tube D add two milliliters of the sucrose solution and one milliliter of enzyme solution. 10. Repeat step 4. 11. In test tube E add two milliliters of the sucrose solution and one milliliter of water. 12. Repeat steps 4. Results: Glucose Presence in the Following Solutions| Type of Solution| Positive or Negative Glucose Result| Test tube A: milk and enzyme solution| Â  | Test tube B: milk and water| Â  | Test tube C: milk and denatured enzyme solution| Â  | Test Tube D: sucrose solution and enzyme solution| Â  | Test Tube E: sucrose solution and water| Â  | | Conclusion and Questions: 1. Diagram and describe the lactose and lactase reaction (may need to research this). 2. Why did the enzyme react to lactose but not to sucrose? 3. What happened when the enzyme was boiled? 4. Another way to affect the enzyme is by lowering the pH of the solution. However, lactase is supposed to be able to work in the stomach. Would lowering the pH of the enzyme solution affect the enzyme? Why or why not? 5. What type of reaction is this? Dehydration or hydrolysis? Content to be covered in conclusion paragraphs: It should explain the general conclusions of the lab. May refer back to background information to help explain the conclusion of the lab. Should refer back to the GENERAL data in the results. Restate the purpose and state whether the hypothesis was correct or not and why. Clearly state and explains how at least THREE errors may have occurred in the lab. Also explains common pitfalls a person SHOULD avoid.

gamer nation Essays - Video Game Culture, Video Game, Gamer

Gamer Nation Video games broke through the scene several decades ago. At first video games were viewed as a brain killing machine. No decent parent wanted their child to play video games, they rather their child read. None the less the growing popularity of video games dominated, and the negative stigma that?s been tied on with video games for years was thrown out the window. With the stigma long gone it was time for gaming to really grasp hold of the civilization. It was an endless evolution of gaming; the gamer nation promptly followed the rising movement. The passionate gamers followed their favorite systems and games like a religion. There are different types of gamers and they range widely and like Fed Ex boxes, they come in all different shapes and sizes. Casual gamers basically use their system has an entertainment hub. With systems now able to stream video, play blue rays, and surf the internet, there is so much to do beside games. They play not to win but just basically to play, they lose frequently but enjoy the game. They may own an older style X Box or PlayStation. They play their system once in a while and may only own a single game. They have no preference in game type or genre. They most typically got their system as a gift from a loved one. They mostly play by themselves, for the most part their system collects dust, due to lack of attention. They would be among first of our groups to trade away or sell their system. They are never quite sure how to correctly fix a problem, if one was to ever occur. They would simply throw the gaming system away and possibly buy a used one. They would only buy another system for the next entertainment experience, not the gaming. Gamerheads religiously love video games. They most likely own two of the most played consoles, the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 and use them both frequently. They play a wide range of genres on both of their consoles. They play games from Frogger to Madden, and are never shy of a little competition. They spend a lot of money on systems, games, and they like to own the newest electronics available. They will put off bills to get all of the newest games and accessories. They play all the time throughout every day and basically play every day. They get nothing in return for playing every day although they do it just for the thrill of the win and the satisfaction. They are very keen on observing any type of issue and fixing it. They will recognize a problem with the system by sound and have a high chance of fixing it. They will take time out of their day to watch a video or read a blog on how to fix a certain problem. This person may have a subscription to a gaming magazine. You may often see gamerheads wearing clothes and gear they purchased at a local gaming store to represent their favorite games. Pro gamers construct a career out of a game they love. This is a much smaller portion of the gamer nation. Pro gamers only play one system and a select few games for that system. They prefer competitive style games. They play a certain game such as Halo professionally and reap the rewards. They may do this to support themselves. With endorsements and depending on the times they win a competition, they could bring home six figures. They must travel the country for tournaments and the traveling is paid by the sponsor. They play extremely vigorously and look to win every game knowing the second they don?t someone will take their place. With thousands traveling all over the country competing in tournaments to determine if they get paid. These are the hardcore gamers sporting Major League Gaming (MLG) gear. When a problem occurs with the system the sponsor will just purchase a brand new system. They usually play a shooter- style game on the professional stage because most games played pro fessional are shooters. They dedicate their life to their career because it takes several hours a day worth of practice

Bin Ladens 1996 Declaration of War on the U.S.

Bin Ladens 1996 Declaration of War on the U.S. On August 23, 1996, Osama bin Laden signed and issued the Declaration of Jihad Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Mosques, meaning Saudi Arabia. It was the first of two explicit declarations of war against the United States. The declaration summed up bin Ladens belief, categorical and uncompromising, that there is nothing more imperative, after faith, than to repel the aggressor who corrupts religion and life, unconditionally, as far as possible. In that line was the seed of bin Ladens stance that even the killing of innocent civilians was justified in defense of the faith. American forces were encamped in Saudi Arabia since 1990 when Operation Desert Shield became the first step in the war to oust Saddam Husseins army from Kuwait. Abiding by extreme interpretations of Islam that the overwhelming majority of Muslim clerics around the world reject, bin Laden considered the presence of foreign troops on Saudi soil an affront to Islam. He had, in 1990, approached the Saudi government and offered to organize his own campaign to oust Saddam Hussein from Kuwait. The government politely rebuffed the offer. Until 1996, bin Laden, at least in the Western press, was an obscure figure occasionally referred to as a Saudi financier and militant. He was blamed for two bombings in Saudi Arabia in the previous eight months, including a bombing in Dhahran that killed 19 Americans. Bin Laden denied involvement. He was also known as one of the sons of Mohammed bin Laden, the developer and founder of the Bin laden Group and one of the richest men in Saudi Arabia outside the royal family. The bin Laden Group is still Saudi Arabias leading construction firm. By 1996, bin laden had been expelled from Saudi Arabia, his Saudi passport having been revoked in 1994, and expelled from Sudan, where he had established terrorist training camps and various legitimate businesses. He was welcomed by the Taliban in Afghanistan, but not exclusively out of the goodness of Mullah Omar, the Taliban leader. To maintain good graces with the Taliban, Steve Coll writes in The bin Ladens, a history of the bin Laden clan (V iking Press, 2008), Osama had to raise about $20 million per year for training camps, weapons, salaries, and subsidies for the families of volunteers. [...] Some of these budgets overlapped with business and construction projects Osama engaged in to please Mullah Omar. Yet bin Laden felt isolated in Afghanistan, marginalized and irrelevant. The declaration of jihad was the first of two explicit declarations of war against the United States. Fund-raising may very well have been part of the motive: by raising his profile, bin Laden was also drawing more interest from the sympathetic charities and individuals underwriting his efforts in Afghanistan. The second declaration of war was to be delivered in February 1998 and would include the West and Israel, giving certain donors even more incentive to contribute to the cause. By declaring war on the United States from a cave in Afghanistan, wrote Lawrence Wright in The Looming Tower, bin Laden assumed the role of an uncorrupted, indomitable primitive standing against the awesome power of the secular, scientific, technological Goliath; he was fighting modernity itself. It did not matter that bin Laden, the construction magnate, had built the cave using heavy machinery and that he had proceeded to outfit it with computers and advanced communications devices. The stance of the primitive was appealingly potent, especially to people who had been let down by modernity; however, the mind that understood such symbolism, and how it could be manipulated, was sophisticated and modern in the extreme. Bin Laden issued the 1996 declaration from the southern mountains of Afghanistan. It appeared on Aug. 31 in al Quds, a newspaper published in London. The response from the Clinton administration was close to indifferent. American forces in Saudi Arabia had been on a higher state of alert since the bombings, but bin Ladens threats changed nothing. Read the Text of bin Ladens 1996 Jihad Declaration

Does Vonnegut Write Like Kilgore Trout and Eliot Rosewater Essay

Does Vonnegut Write Like Kilgore Trout and Eliot Rosewater - Essay Example The piece of literature will be used for comparison on how best it has been written. The piece of literature has been written by an author known as Vonnegut (Farrell, 10). His piece of literature is being compared with others written by the authors Kilgore and Eliot. Slaughterhouse-five by Vonnegut is a piece of literature that talks about world war 2 life experiences at the time and one thing that can be said about the piece of literature is that it is a fine piece of work. Everything is well expressed in the piece of literature, and there is an assurance that by the end of reading, the reader will have grasped quite a lot. The writing uses literature devices, and this makes the work all the more entertaining and splendid. Looking at the piece of literature, it is written in short and very descriptive sentences that bring the illusion of understanding and a sense of reading (Deneen, 46). The book is written in a setting that can be described as historic, geographic and scientific. Comparing it with the other author’s piece of literature, it is safe to say that this piece of writing is magnificent, easy to read and understand and though complicated, its short and direct sentences provide the reader with a much higher level of understanding. The reading is uncomplicated to interpret and comprehend (Marvin, 100). It places the reader in a situation much like the one the narrator places the main character; in war. The descriptions are vivid and bear meaning. This is a book that would be recommended for rereading since it captures the heart, soul and brings about the realization of one’s dreams and desires. The piece of literature has successfully integrated the aspects of tragedy and comic relief. These two are being used together to bring a blend of the events (Trout, 12). There is one phrase that captures the attention of readers, and it bears meaning to the story that is written. The phrase; ‘so it goes’, has been used frequently by the

African American philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

African American philosophy - Essay Example Philosophy is a detailed system of ideas about human beings and the nature of the human existence and truth.Actually it is a complete guide for living. It deals in issues which are fundamental and consider the steps we take in life for progress. It also deals with our attitude and treatment of other people. The main branches of Philosophy are: Metaphysics, which deals with reality, Epistemology, which deals with knowledge, Ethics, which considers moral values, Politics, which accounts for legal rights and governments, and Aesthetics, which looks in to nature of art.While we start to think of African American Philosophy, the first point going to pop up is the attitude of the citizens in developed countries towards the men in Africa. When compared citizens of United States and Africa, we understand that the Blacks are considered to be second-class citizens in the United States. In fact they are not considered human beings at all. In the past, they were treated as slaves. They were made to work day and night, beaten with sticks and transported along with asses and horses. They were not given proper food. When they were sick, they were not given medical treatment. They lived miserably. They had no hope of future. Things have not changed much, according to Charles Mills. At least a section of the U.S. citizens still see the Africans as somebody who maintains lower standards of life. Even though slavery has been abolished that sort of mindset still continues.Law was enacted to strengthen the concept that Blacks are sub-persons. The pity is that not even an apology was given by the authorities for the misdeeds and torture towards the Blacks for centuries. In fact, many Americans feel that it is time to stop the little benefits given to the Blacks and to cancel the measures which objected to ill treatment of the Afro-Americans. They think that enough is enough and it is time to stop the concessions. They fear that it would amount to create discrimination against Whites . When we approach the problem from the side of African citizens, it is clear that an inferiority complex remains in their brains and minds. They themselves keep the wrong feeling that Blacks are second-class citizens. They have no hope of a happy future. They still live in poverty. The wages are comparatively much lower. Job opportunities also remain lesser. They are not likely to get good education or medical treatment. Just through an example, the consideration being given to Whites and Blacks could be compared. For the same crime the Blacks black may be sent to jail, whereas the Whites may be let free. In every respect the Blacks are treated harsh. In other words, their condition has not improved at all even before law. In fact, it has deteriorated, feels Charles Mills. Time has changed. But not much has changed for the Blacks. Their problems have not been addressed seriously. It has been wrongly said that the Blacks are not taking enough interest in the country, nor in their future and that they do not bother to be a part of the society. It is said that they do not try to come out of the negative situation they are in and for that they only need to be blamed. That is not a valid statement. It is nothing more than an excuse. It is absurd to think that they want to remain where they are. Do not forget, the part they played in nation building. Many numbers of roads, buildings and similar structures are there because of the manpower and work skills of the Blacks. It is silly to think that they are lazy. The Blacks think that they are not given justice. They only want their genuine rights. They are not expecting charity. They want the discrimination is buried for ever. The country belongs to them as much as it is for the Whites. The issues which have put them down should be modified to uplift them. But for the sweat of the blacks, The United States of America would have been nowhere. They have done enough to convert the country into a large nation. They have done much more than the Whites. They must be allowed to reap the harvest now.

Privacy Issues in the Workplace- Technology and Social Media Essay

Privacy Issues in the Workplace- Technology and Social Media - Essay Example ployer from jeopardizing the employees right to engage in union activities or other protected activities seeking to attain mutual aid or protection within and outside the company (National Labor Relations Board Web). However, under the recent technological advancements, privacy issues have increased with the new technological generating new privacy concerns for both the employees and the employer. Ideally, the new technological advancements allow the employer to gain access to employee’s information around his scope of work. Through the new technology, the employers can initiate telephone monitoring, social media monitoring, electronic mail and voice mail, video monitoring, computer monitoring, and other workplace privacy protections. Where E-mail/Internet is concerned, the employer can access all the emails and online conversation of an employee. Indeed, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, stipulates that an employer has can monitor electronic communications, e-mail and Internet surfing, and instant messaging of an employee where employee is using the employer-provided computer system (US Department of Justice Web). As such, it is the duty of the management to brief the employees on the application of this rule upon employment to avoid privacy issues. On the other hand, computer monitoring comes in handy where employers use computer software to access the screen or stored in the employees computer terminals and hard disks.  They can additionally invoke keystroke monitoring and count time spent away from the computer. Since the employer own s the computer and the terminals, he therefore has a right to monitor an employee’s computer usage. However, certain federal offer minimal rights against computer monitoring like the Fourth Amendment of the US constitution that restricts unreasonable search and seizure (Privacy Rights Clearing House Web). Employers can also initiate social media monitoring of the employees by accessing their Facebook and twitter

Roles and Responsibilities of a Qualified Nurse

Roles and Responsibilities of a Qualified Nurse Professional Role Development The aim of this essay is to explore and discuss important aspects of the roles and responsibilities of the newly qualified nurse. It will look at and abroad discuss on different type of roles and responsibilities including transition. The roles and responsibilities of a qualified nurse include essential professional skills such as leading in care management and care delivery situations as well as maintaining standards of care. The focus of the essay will be discussing in detail two particular roles of the newly qualified nurse (delegation and patient group direction). It will discuss the meaning of these concepts and their importance for nurses and provide some practical contextual examples. It will also discuss the rational of chosen roles A new qualified nurse expected to be competent to work in all environments and situations. This emerging health care system requires a registered nurse workforce at all levels post initial registration capable of critical reflective thinking in order to create this system. Lofmark A (2006) claim that with registration comes a shift in professional accountability together with wider clinical management and teaching responsibilities. On becoming a qualified nurse, the expectations and dynamics of relationships changes fundamentally. Suddenly the newly qualified nurse is the one who must know the answer whether it is a query from a patient, a career, a work colleague or a student. The newly qualified nurse will encounter many challenging situations where she or he must lead care delivery. This includes dealing with care management within the team, dealing with patients/service users, dealing with other professionals and dealing with the required needs of the whole workplace environment. The NMC requires a student nurse to demonstrate professional and ethical practice, be competent in care delivery and care management and show personal and professional development in order to join the register NMC (2010). It is recognized that nurses should be provided with some form of preceptorship and supervision in their role for a period of four months time NMC (2006)) once qualified. Even in this period of preceptorship, there are new expectations and challenges faced by the newly qualified nurse. Mooney (2007) found that newly qualified nurses were faced with assumptions from others that they should know everything. This was also a high expectation they had of themselves. In meeting the NMC standards of proficiency, the nurse should have demonstrated the relevant knowledge and skills in order to practise in their career. However, it is important to recognise that not every nurse knows everything about everything in their career especially if they are practising in highly specialized fields. What they need is to be able to develop and adapt to changing situations. Therefore, for the nurse it is impossible to know everything but they should have developed the skills to find out relevant information, reflect on it, and apply this to their practice. In essence they should have learnt how to learn. There is a great deal to be learnt once qualified especially related to a nurses new area of work and a good deal of the development needs to take place on the job Lofmark A (2006). The study by Jackson. K (2005) suggested that a successful transition requires the nurse to develop a self-image relevant to the change in status to be able to do the job and that they meet the expectations with others with appropriate support. Mooney (2007) also points out that the duties faced by most newly qualified nurses were not patient contact centred. There were a lot of duties related to contacting and dealing with other professionals and services. These brought anxieties related to the responsibilities that might be faced as the nurses would become increasingly senior in their roles with others expecting them to provide the actions and the answers in complex situations. This highlights how the experience of nursing of transition from student to newly qualified nurse can be daunting. In the current environment there is an expectation that nurses have a preceptor one qualifying for aid in these transitions but the literature still suggests there is a difficulty in the transit ion process for such professionals. Hole. J, (2009) found that individual accountability, delegating duties without appearing bossy and some challenging clinical situations such as death and dying and specialised technological roles were found to be stressful by qualifying nurses. Issues of the preceptorship of newly qualified nurses become apparent and important in dealing with the transition from supervised student to autonomous practitioner. The approach taken throughout the rest of this essay will be to provide a discussion of the main theories, concepts, and issues related to the roles and responsibilities of delegation and PGD for newly qualified nurses. It will discuss the meaning of these concepts and their importance for nurses, and provide some practical contextual examples. The rational of choosing these two roles are because: Firstly delegation is a huge newly qualified nurses concern. According Hole. J, (2005) newly qualified nurses are not capable to delegate tasks to someone else and they end up overloading themselves. This is because an accountability issue or not knowing the staffs well as they is new to the ward. Secondly, it is a legal requirement that newly qualified nurses need to have knowledge of PGDs in order to work within legal and ethical frameworks that underpin safe and effective medicines management NMC (2010). For this reason, I personally was interested and picked them to discuss in order to develop my understanding and prepare me to successfully make the transition from student nurse to a registered professional. Delegation is a major function of an effective manager of patient care and is an essential skill when directing the activities of others at all levels in an organization. It is the means by which an individual is able to accomplish needed tasks with and through others. Although the delegator remains accountable for the task, the delegate is also accountable to the delegator for the responsibilities assumed. Delegation can help others to develop or enhance their skills, promotes teamwork and improves productivity Sollivan.E.J et al (2009). Therefore, delegation is the area where newly qualified staff experience huge difficulties. Often they do not feel confident enough to ask someone else to do something for them. Consequently, they try to do all of the work themselves and end up leaving late or providing less than adequate standards of care. Other members of staff will not mind if they delegate tasks to them as long as they apply the basic rules such as ensuring that it is something they are competent to do. When delegating, the delegator remain responsible for that care if he/she do not delegate appropriately as stated by NMC (2008). It is also important that the delegator explained clearly what it is he/she want them to do and why because he/she might genuinely busy or is it just something that he/she does not want to do. Hole.J, (2005) point out that as long as he/she asks the other member of staff in a courteous manner and stick to the rules, there will be few problems. However, there may always be someone who has the potential to react in a negative way to his/her request. These people are often known for this type of behaviour and it should be dealt with swiftly by the manager. This type of reaction experience should be discussed with the member of staff or if he/she not feels confident enough to do this, he/she should talk to the manager. As mention above this will be a difficult skill for a newly qualified nurse especially at first. They will need to get to know the other staff before they will feel truly comfortable delegating to others in the team. They may feel guilty about asking others to do tasks which they feel that they should be doing themselves. What they need to realise is that they cannot possibly do everything themselves and that they will need to work as a team in order to deliver good patient care. The new qualified nurses may well feel that they cannot ask others especially HCAs who have worked on the ward for years to do things for them. The nurse will probably feel self-conscious and embarrassed. The answer is that it is not what the nurse asks them to do that are important. It is how he/she asks them. Good communication is the key to successful delegation. The nurse should take a few minutes to discuss with the HCA/student with whom he/she is working who will be doing what during that shift. Share the workload and be realistic. Therefore the newly qualified nurses must not overload themselves with care they do not really think they can give. The member of staff would rather know what their workload is at the beginning of the shift so that they can organise their time effectively. If the delegator has to ask them to take on extra work during the shift, they will find this difficult Ellis, J.R. and Hartley, C.L, (2005). So the delegator should keep communicating with them during the shift, and if he/she is held up with relatives or an acutely ill patient, he/she should tell them and explain that he/she will try to help them as soon as possible. According to Hole.J, (2005) when the new qualified nurses are delegating, it is important to ensure that this is appropriate as it is their responsibility to ensure that the member of staff to whom they delegate is competent to perform the task. This means that if they delegate a task to a member of staff who is not competent and they perform the task wrongly, they are accountable for the harm caused to the patient. Although the member of staff responsible, they remain accountable. For example, they cannot assume that the HCA/student with whom they are working is competent in the skill of measuring and recording a patients blood pressure. Just because the member of staff has worked on that ward for a period of time, this does not mean that they have been taught correctly. They must assess their competence to perform the task before they allow them to do this independently. They can then justify their delegation of that skill if necessary. A Patient Group Direction (PGD) is a written instruction for the supply and/or administration of a licensed medicine (medicines) in an identified clinical situation signed by a doctor or a dentist and pharmacist. It applies to a group of patients who may not be individually identified before presenting for treatment NPC (2009), page 11. In simple terms, a PGD is the supply and/or administration of a specified medicine or medicines by named authorised health professionals for a group of patients requiring treatment for the condition described in the PGD. Conversely the health professional must be registered. RCN (2004) state that implementing PGDs may be appropriate both in circumstances where groups of patients may not have been previously identified for example, minor injuries and first contact services and in services where assessment and treatment follows a clearly predictable pattern such as immunisation, family planning and so on. Professionals using a PGD must be registered or equivalent members of their profession and act within their appropriate code of professional conduct. This differs from supplementary prescribers and independent prescribers who must also successfully complete specific prescribing training and be appropriately registered before they may prescribe. However, organisations using PGDs must designate an appropriate person within the organisation. For example, a clinical supervisor, line manager or General Practitioner to ensure that only fully competent, qualified and trained healthcare professionals use PGDs. Individual practitioners using a PGD must be named NP C (2009). A Patient Group Direction allows specified registered health care professionals to supply or administer a medicine directly to a patient with an identified clinical condition without him/her necessarily seeing a prescriber. For example, patients may present directly to health care professionals using PGDs in their services without seeing a doctor. Alternatively, the patient may have been referred by a doctor to another service. Whichever way the patient presents, the healthcare professional who works under the PGD is responsible for assessing the patient to ensure that patient fits the criteria set out in the PGD. In general, a PGD is not meant to be a long-term means of managing a patients clinical condition. This is best achieved by a health care professional prescribing for an individual patient on a one-to-one basis NPC (2009). The use of PGDs is widespread throughout the NHS and since April 2003, some non-NHS organisations have been able to use them suggested by NPC (2009). Organisations must ensure that staff responsible for the development / implementation of PGDs and those authorised to work under PGDs have the experience, knowledge and skills necessary to do so. However, different supplementary prescribers, nurse independent prescribers and healthcare professionals using PGDs do not have to become specifically qualified to do so. Alternatively, they must be assessed by their organisations as fully competent, qualified and trained to operate within a PGD. A suitably competent and experienced health care professional who will be working under the PGD should be involved in the writing of the PGD to ensure that the PGD meets the needs of the service. NPC (2009) suggests that there is no specific national training for healthcare professionals producing PGDs. Therefore, the role by RCN (2004) for nurse proposes that the registered nurse must be assessed as competent in medicines administration, must be trained to operate within a PGD and must follow the 6 Rs of medicines administration. Also In order to work under the PGD, register nurses need to be qualified for at least 6 months. They must assess the patients to ensure they fit the criteria as detailed in the PGD as well as ensuring the PGD meets the necessary legal requirements. Importantly, the supplying/dispensing or administration stage cannot delegate to another registered nurse or student nurse. The newly qualified nurses are not expected to be able to operate under a PGD until competent in medicines administration. However, they need to have knowledge of PGDs for their patient safety. For example, if patient under PGD admitted to the ward, the nurse must ensure that the medicines not stopped. The NMC (2010) code of conduct outline that newly qualified nurses to be fully understood all methods of supplying medicines. This includes Medicines Act exemptions, patient group directions (PGDs), clinical management plans and other forms of prescribing. They are expected to demonstrate knowledge and application of the principles required for safe and effective supply and administration via a patient group direction including an understanding of role and accountability. And also demonstrate how to supply and administer via a patient group direction. The newly qualified nurses may be involved with PGDs such as assisting and identifying areas where a PGD would offer more benefits than a PSD, understand the principles and processes of PGDs and be fully conversant with all the principles associated with dispensing and administering medicines they may also be working in a variety of settings where PGDs are used for example prison health care setting, nurse led service, walk in centres In my conclusion, I have learnt the roles and responsibilities of newly qualified nurses and I have developed skills and professional knowledge to work effectively with others. The Patient Group Direction helped me how the laws and policies are set up to ensure safe and effective delivery of care given to service users under a patient group direction. I am now prepared for the challenges I will face on being a newly qualified nurse by providing the knowledge and skills required to become effective and accountable practitioners. Clinical decisions will still have to be made in relation to meeting the needs of the people within my care. However, becoming a qualified nurse brings with its wider responsibilities in making and taking decisions related to the nursing team, other staff, and the work environment as a whole. These changes require a large shift from the experience of being a student and a mentored supervised learner, so it is essential that I am equipped with all the skills re quired to successfully make the transition.

john w booth Essay -- essays research papers

A History of John Wilkes Booth   The name of John Wilkes Booth conjures up a picture of America's most infamous assassin, the killer of perhaps the greatest president of the United States. However, J. Wilkes Booth (as he was known professionally) led a very prominent life as an actor in the years preceding the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. This period of his life is often forgotten or overlooked. The Booth family name in the nineteenth century was strongly identified with the American theater scene; there was no greater name among American actors at this time. Junius Brutus Booth, Sr. came to the United States from England in 1821 and established the Booth name upon the American stage. He left his legacy to be carried by his sons Edwin, John Wilkes, and Junius Brutus, Jr. All of the Booth children but one, were born out of wedlock. John Wilkes Booth was born on May 10, 1838 in a log house. The family home was on property near Bel Air, Maryland, twenty-five miles south of the Mason-Dixon line. Elder brother Edwin supervised his younger brother's upbringing. Later Edwin and older sister Asia would write about their eccentric brother's behavior. Francis Wilson, who wrote a biography of Booth in 1929, stated that Booth opened his stage career in 1855 at the Charles Street Theatre in Baltimore and began performing on a regular basis two years later. Once Booth embarked upon his acting career, he wanted the comparisons between himself and his late father to cease. It was a common practice of theater companies to retain actors who would complement a touring, star figure. Booth eventually became one the these star figures, with stock companies for one and two week engagements. Often a different play was performed each night, requiring Booth to stay up studying his new role until dawn, when he would rise and make his way to the theater for rehearsal. Booth began his stock theater appearances in 1857 in Weatley's Arch Street Theatre in Philadelphia (the center for theater in this country at the time). According to one biographer, Booth studied intently in Philadelphia, but author Gordon Samples writes that Booth's lack of confidence did not help his theatrical career. William S. Fredericks, the acting and stage manager at the Arch Street Theatre, said the new actor did not show promise as a great actor. This negative opinion was also held by other Philadelp... ... putting together an operation, purportedly with Dr. Mudd and others, to capture the President and transport him to Richmond. By capturing Lincoln they expected to force the federal government to return Confederate prisoners of war who were confined in Union prisons and then return them to fight Union forces. After nearly five months of intense planning, the attempt to capture the president took place on March 17, 1865. Mr. Lincoln, however, disappointed the would-be captors by changing his plans. Instead of visiting a hospital outside of Washington, President Lincoln attended a luncheon at the National Hotel. This was the hotel Booth used as his temporary home while in Washington, DC. Two weeks later, the long Union siege of the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia ended. The Union Army marched in and Confederate forces under General Lee moved west. One week later, on April 9, 1865 General Lee was forced by General Grant to surrender. These Confederate failures, along with the failure of Booth's capture plot, apparently gave Booth the incentive to carry out his final fatal plan. Five days after General Lee's surrender, Booth assassinated Mr. Lincoln inside Ford's Theatre.

Personality: Carl Jung and Myra

1. Which personality type does Myra display, according to Freudian theory? Provide evidence for your answer. What caused it?Myra must have experienced neurotic anxiety in the presence of her husband’s â€Å"authority† as she previously must have experienced unconscious feelings of destruction against her parents because of fear of punishment, so she exaggerates her cleanings and frequently portrays herself as a martyr who does so much for others and asks so little for herself, when in reality she usually over sees the cleaning and tells others what to do, and her husband or children help her.This same neurotic anxiety makes her aggressive towards her neighbor as once grass went flying into her garden from her neighbor’s while mowing; and as a result Myra threw a fit and did not talk to the neighbor for two years. Myra displays a disturbing pattern of establishing relationships and then ending them by being rude. She sometimes criticizes people to their faces, or she just stops calling them. Moreover, this neurotic anxiety makes her concerned about spending money and she refrains from expending it despite being middle class and really not poor. As a defense mechanism, Myra has developed an anal fixation, which manifests in her obsession with neatness and orderliness.2. Why does Myra feel that cleaning the house is her responsibility? How would Jungian theory explain Myra adopting this traditional role? According to Jung the mind or psyche has two levels; conscious and unconscious. Unlike Freud, Jung believes that collective unconscious refers to humans’ â€Å"innate tendency to react in a particular way whenever their experiences stimulate a biological inherited response tendency.†This explains why Myra unexpectedly reacts with love and persistence to the house cleanliness, tidiness and orderliness although she had negative or at least neutral feelings toward the job, especially when we know that her mother always took care of their house and thought that it was the woman’s responsibility to do so; and Myra has learnt how to clean â€Å"correctly† from her mother who punished her when she did not clean something thoroughly enough.Of course, her mothers belief of house cleanliness was passed to her from her mother and so on through generations until it became a collective unconscious which Jung sees as autonomous forces called archetypes which, when evolved, â€Å"can be conceptualized† into persona, shadow, anima, animus, great mother, wise old  man, hero, and self.3. How could radical behaviorism explain Myra’s cleaning behavior? Find examples of reinforcement of punishment that might have influenced Myra’s cleaning behavior.According to Freud, Myra’s ego which is â€Å"the only region of the mind in contact with reality† and it is governed by the â€Å"reality principle† has made the decision on cleanness and neatness of her house and yard, besid es arranging things in order. And because the ego is partially conscious, partly preconscious and partly unconscious, her ego can make decisions on each of these three levels. Myra exaggerates in cleaning her house, tidying her yard and garden and arranging her things in order as her ego consciously motivates her to choose excessive neatness, tidiness and arrangements because she feels comfortable and proud of her estate and things being like this and people compliment her for this.Meanwhile she may be, on her preconscious level, only dimly aware of her previous experience when her friends or neighbors first praised her for the way she cleans the house, tidies the yard and the garden and arranges her things. Besides, she may be unconsciously motivated to be excessively clean, neat and orderly â€Å"due to her childhood experiences of the toilet training† and cleaning the house with her mother so as to avoid pain resulting from her parents punishment and gain pleasure of their love and security. Also it has been settled in her superego what she should and should not do because of her experiences with reward and punishment she must have received from her parents during her childhood. Thus she can be dominated by the superego, which results in her â€Å"guilt-ridden or inferior-feeling person;†4. How could Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory explain Myra’s traditionally feminine cleaning behavior? According to Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory, the way we react to expected events is usually more powerful than the event itself. Myra’s traditionally feminine cleaning behavior can be explained on the basis of her observing her mother cleaning and perhaps financially managing the house as well as having the same belief that her mother had as housework is the main responsibility of a woman.Myra’s behavior is also reinforced by the compliments she receives from her  neighbors and friends who overtly express their admirations of her clean house, tidy yard and beautiful garden. This accords with Bandura’s idea that reinforcement can be vicarious whether it is direct or indirect. According to Bandura’s triadic reciprocal model that includes behavioral, environmental, and personal factors, Myra has the capacity to regulate her life; and her behavioral cleanliness has turned into a consistent way of evaluating and regulating her social and cultural environment, seeing that her house is cleaner, tidier and more beautiful than any house in the neighborhood or any of her friends or relatives’ houses.5. Which of Horney’s needs motivate Myra? Which of Horney’s neurotic trends does Myra demonstrate? Provide evidence for you answer. In accordance with Horney’s Psychoanalytic Social Theory, Myra has been influenced by cultural impacts of her society. Modern culture is based on completion (her exaggeration in cleanliness, tidiness and orderliness compared to other s) which triggers off basic hostility (in dealing with her friends and neighbors), which, in return, results in isolation, (her break up with friends and not participating in productive volunteer work), that brings about â€Å"intensified needs for affection† (her feeling of doing everything alone without being helped by anyone and illustrating herself as martyr or victim).Childhood at any stage is considered the source of most problems as a result of traumatic events. During her childhood Myra was physically punished by her parents; the thing which generated a feeling of lack of genuine warmth and affection and developed into anxiety and hostility towards others. From her behaviors of exaggerated cleanliness, hostility, saving money, and refraining from participating in productive volunteer work, Myra demonstrates some basic neurotic needs:(1) Need to restrict her life within narrow borders: she does not participate in any productive activities such as volunteer work, and sh e prefers to spend all her time and energy working on her house and yard. (2) Need for security and power: she economizes on everything and does not spend money, which represents a source of power to her. (3) Need to exploit others: she breaks up with friends and relatives who do not return her invitations to meals. (4) Need for social recognition or prestige: she tries to be the best at cleaning and orderliness and criticizes others as not equal to her.(5) Need for personal admiration: she likes people admiring her house cleanliness, her yard and garden tidiness and beauty, and her orderliness. (6) Need for perfection and unassailability: she always cleans, tidy and rearrange her house, garden, yard and things so as not to be criticized; on the contrary she always criticizes and blames others.

The Impact of Social Media on Political Leaders

The Impact of Social Media on Political Leaders Introduction Since the start of the internet boom, in the early nineties, there has been a significant growth in the number of networked people. In fact, the number of networked people has increased from a few million people, in the early nineties, to a few billion people in the 2000s.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Social Media on Political Leaders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A formidable force that has increased the number of people who are online is the growth of social media. Indeed, social media has attracted many actors in the political sphere (including nongovernmental organizations, regular citizens, and even governments). This development raises important questions for different governments because it makes them think of how such online developments affect their state interests, and how they can position their foreign policies to benefit from such developments. As the telecommunication la ndscape becomes sophisticated and concentrated, people are enjoying more access to information and better ways of airing their grievances. As seen from recent developments in the Middle East, social media has prompted politicians to change their strategies to take advantage of this new communication landscape. For example, in Vanilla, social media increased the pressure on politicians to avoid loosely coordinated politics and adopt a more effective approach for communicating their strategies and actions, for the betterment of their people. In other parts of the world, social media has led to government changes and democratic reforms. People have also used social media to express dissatisfaction with poor governance, as a demand for better leadership. Such was the case in the Philippines when parliament impeached President Joseph Estrada. Initially, during his hearing, the Philippine congress ruled that the government would not present crucial evidence against the impeached president .Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, a few hours after this declaration, there was widespread public outcry from Filipinos, who later took to the streets, demanding that the government present the evidence against the president. Using social media, political activists mobilized Filipinos to go to the streets and demand for unbiased trials. Concisely, the citizens feared that their corrupt president would find his way back to power. Therefore, through several text messages written, â€Å"Go to EDSA,† millions of Filipinos thronged the streets of Manila in protest. Motivated by the fear of losing public support, Philippine’s congress quickly reversed their decisions and allowed for the presentation of evidence against the president. The government later found the president guilty of corruption and forced him out of office. The same script has occurred in other parts of the world. For example, Spain witnessed a social media revolution that ousted Spanish Prime Minister, Josà © Marà ­a Aznar. Aznar had earlier blamed Basque Separatist movements for organizing Spanish bombings in the country’s transit routes. Soon after the people removed him from power, the communist party of Moldova also relinquished power after massive demonstrations rocked the country, partly coordinated by social media. The party relinquished power because the citizens were dissatisfied with fraudulent elections. Besides governments and political parties, the church has also received negative attention from social media. For example, recently, there was widespread condemnation against the Catholic Church for defending child rapists, after evidence leaked to social media, regarding the widespread child rape acts in the church.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Social Media on Political Leaders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, despite the widespread success that online communication exhibits in advancing political agendas, there are many examples of the failure of social media to provide substantial political changes. For example, in March 2006, Belaru political activists used social media as a platform to organize street protests to oust President Aleksandr Lukashenko’s, amid accusations of vote rigging. These street protests first swelled, and then faltered soon afterwards. This protest angered the President and increased his determination to control the spread of social media in his country. The same social media failure occurred in Iran, when protestors tried to demonstrate vote-rigging attempts by the government, which left Mir Hossein Mousavi (a presidential candidate in the 2009 Iran elections) a loser in the elections. The government embarked on a violent crackdown that soon led to the end of the revolt. The same outcome oc curred in Thailand when technologically savvy street protesters crowded the streets of Thailand to demand for political reforms, but soon after the government launched a violent crackdown on the protestors (killing dozens of people), the protests ended. From the above outcomes, it is difficult to predict the outcome of social media reforms. Therefore, it is equally difficult to predict the impact of social media on the actions of political leaders. However, the unpredictable response by political leaders towards social media movements surface from the above illustrations. Clearly, some leaders respond positively to these movements, while others violently oppose them. This paper, seeks to investigate the impact of social media on political leaders.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research Objectives To investigate how online communication determines the way political leaders interact with their supporters To explore the impact of social media on introducing transparency in political leadership and governance To establish how political leaders marshal their support through social media To find out the extent that social media influence how politicians communicate with their supporters To investigate if political accountability increases through the use of social media Importance of Study Academic Importance For a long time, people perceived social media as a platform for people who do not have any significant social interaction skills to interact with other people in the real world. However, with the rapid spread of social media, it is increasingly difficult to find people who do not use social media, at least once a day. Indeed, people have adopted social media as part of their everyday life, and just as technology has found significant meaning in human li fe, online communication derives significant meaning in human interaction. Today, the scope of social media in human interaction occurs at unprecedented levels. Indeed, almost all aspects of our social interactions (whether at political, social, or economic levels), are influenced by social media, somewhat. This expanded scope of social media has prompted many researchers to investigate the impact of social media on not only economic, social, but also political levels. Economically, researchers have investigated the impact of social media on business-customer relations by exploring how businesses can better transform their operations to reflect new consumer tastes and preferences. Socially, researchers have investigated the impact of social media on human interactions by exploring how online communication redefines traditional patterns of communication. Politically, people use social media to redefine the way citizens communicate with their governments, and how citizens can better a rticulate their grievances and concerns towards their governments. Indeed, recently, researchers have used social media to explain most revolts in the Middle East. The recently ended Middle East revolt is one such event that has recreated renewed interest regarding how social media eases democratic reforms. Despite the growing interest of social media on political reforms, one area that many researchers have failed to explore is the impact of social media on the political leaders who drive these political reforms. Instead, most researchers have focused on evaluating the impact of social media on political institutions and movements. Therefore, there has been minimal interest regarding the impact of social media on political figureheads or personalities. Meanwhile, in most countries, these political leaders control political institutions and other structures of power. Indeed, it is difficult to ignore the varying personality and behavioral traits of political leaders. Therefore, this paper investigates the impact of social media on political leaders and their actions. The findings of this study therefore help to build the body of knowledge regarding social media and its impact on political leaders. Professional Interest As online communication continues to transform different political systems and ways of interaction, the importance of diplomacy and Intergovernmental relations continue to gain credence in today’s global society. Considering I am an employee of the Crown Prince Court, that represents the government of Abu Dhabi, I find it crucial to highlight the importance of understanding the role of social media in political leadership, because the Crown Prince Court supports the activities of His Highness General Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, who is the ruler of the Emirates. As a body given the mandate to support the private and public duties of General Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, it is similarly crucial to understand how online commu nication simplifies the President’s duties. This may happen both locally and internationally because the government of Abu Dhabi mandates the Crown Prince’s Court to support the president’s local and international duties. Therefore, through the understanding of the impact of social media on political leaders, the Abu Dhabi Crown Prince’s court can better understand how to improve the interaction/communication between the President and the citizens of United Arab Emirates (UAE). Through general correspondence, the Crown Prince Court may similarly understand how to gather information from the citizens and provide a customized solution to every concern identified. In addition, since the Crown Prince Court helps to manage the private affairs of the Crown Prince, it would be interesting to understand how the court may improve its functions using social media. This initiative would also be instrumental in creating a stronger impact for the Crown Prince’s corporate and philanthropic initiatives on the citizens. To this extent, the understanding of social media and its impact on political leaders create significant professional interest. Methodology Research Design The methodology for this report will mainly rely on the political discourse analysis method. This research methodology seeks to investigate the prevailing social systems, which lead to the creation of reality. The political discourse analysis method has widely been used in other political spheres, such as, the identification of suitable policies for the creation of practical solutions to solve social problems. In practice, people have used the political discourse analysis method to understand political systems around the world. Most of the analyses show different polarizing outcomes. For example, people have used the political discourse analysis method to understand the exchange of political views in America. This analysis has shown polarized results, where observers demon strate the polarization of Americans along republican and democratic lines. The discourse analysis method will therefore be useful in this study to describe how people talk about things, present them, and use them in their daily lives. Comprehensively, the discourse analysis method shows how these social constructs link to power relations. Through this analysis, it will be easy to understand how social constructs affect political leaders. Data Collection The main data collection method for this paper will be secondary research. The main motivation for using secondary research is its ability to provide an accurate understanding of the research problem by providing a background to the issues surrounding the research problem, and providing different insights from varied authors who have written about the research topic. Through this ability, it is also easy to see how secondary data provide the platform for comparing different views regarding the research topic. Besides these advantage s, using secondary research is also a cheaper alternative to data collection. Furthermore, the use of secondary research saves time. The secondary research sourced will provide a structured framework for the study because it defines the scope, depth, and breadth of the topic. Moreover, the use of secondary research will aid in providing a broader understanding of the research topic by incorporating other research dynamics that do not exist in the objectives of this paper. Peer reviewed journals form the main sources of secondary information for this paper. The above research sources will provide the groundwork for a meta-analysis, which will combine the findings from different data sources to form the framework for the research findings. Therefore, the meta-analysis will estimate the true â€Å"effect size† of the data collected from the secondary research sources. Comprehensively, it will be easy to achieve a systematic review of the research problem by eliminating the less- precise effect size of the research information collected from the secondary research sources. Several advantages may manifest from this meta-analysis. For instance, it will be easy to establish the diversity of the information obtained from the different types of information sources used as secondary research. Through the meta-analysis, it will be equally easy to derive the statistical testing for all the factors involved in the research process. Even though the concept of generalizing findings is a limitation of this study, the meta-analysis will help to generalize the findings of this research to different, but related contexts Data Analysis The main data analysis technique incorporated in this study is the coding technique. As an interpretive tool, the coding technique will sort and evaluate the expansive information obtained from the secondary data analysis process. Indeed, since the diversity of the secondary data chosen will present diverse information regarding the research topic, the coding technique will aid in sorting out this information and categorizing them into easily understandable data. The coding technique works by assigning different codes to related pieces of information. Comprehensively, the coding technique will therefore work by assigning codes to related information, so that it is easier to analyze related literature, as opposed to having many confusing and dynamic information sources (which are difficult to comprehend). The coding technique will therefore be beneficial in providing a structured impression of the overall findings. The member-check technique will similarly play a complementary role to the coding technique in evaluating the credibility, transferability, and accuracy of the information analyzed from the coding technique. In detail, after the categorization of data (into related subjects) by the coding technique, the member-check technique will ensure that the information sourced is factual. Indeed, the member check techniq ue works by evaluating areas of disparities between the outcomes of the data analysis process and the initial sources of information. The member check technique will therefore ensure that the data analysis process reflects the opinions, ideas, context, and attitudes of the authors. The same process will also ensure that there are no significant disparities between the sources of data obtained and the overall outcomes of the data analysis process. Literature Review Public relation is the main profession informing the process of investigating the impact of social media on political leaders. Theoretically, this topic also underlines social networking as the main foundation describing the research topic. Indeed, there are several studies, which show how online communication affects electoral processes and political systems in today’s technological world. Recent research studies investigating the impact of social media on political systems focus on the ongoing Arab spring. Mostly, researchers understand the Arab uprising through the contribution of social media in mobilizing people and aiding political reforms in Tunisia and Egypt. One paper that will be useful in this study is a study by Abdelhay (2012) titled, â€Å"The Arab uprising 2011: new media in the hands of a new generation in North Africa.† This paper sought to draw the link between information and communications technology and the Egyptian and Tunisia political uprisings. The paper also sought to investigate further the new opportunities that online communication has brought to the Arab society, in terms of their ability to speak about social ills, public governance, and newer ways of improving their lives. Abdelhay (2012) therefore describes the relationship between today’s technologically savvy generation, new media and the potential political ramifications of this transformation of the political class and public governance. A related report that concerns the Arab spring uprisings trace to a research paper by Mansour (2012), which discusses the role of social media in aiding the country’s political reforms. The paper incorporated a study that investigated the views of a few Egyptians (sampled through the snowball technique) regarding their involvement in the Egyptian revolts (through social media). This paper is useful to this study because it explains the role of social media in influencing the actions, beliefs, and attitudes of the citizens towards their governments. Indeed, through the understanding of how social media influenced Egyptian political reforms, this paper draws significant comparisons regarding how social media may influence the actions of political leaders to quell such revolts, through democracy or violent crackdowns. An article by Payton (2012) titled, â€Å"Social media and the blogosphere,† also provides a clear direction for this study because it highlights the way different audiences react to social media messages. Howeve r, Payton (2012) analyses the impact of social media on ethnic audiences by evaluating how online communication promotes social activism. Payton (2012) provides a significant understanding of how online communication affects political leaders because she shows how people react to social media and political activism, within this sphere. Therefore, through her discussion, it is easy to predict the outcome of social media on different audiences. In an article titled, â€Å"The use of the internet by political parties and candidates in Scotland during the 2010 UK general election campaign,† Baxter (2011) discusses the use of social media, by politicians, to communicate their campaign messages to the electorate. As the title suggests, Baxter (2011) sought to investigate how political parties and political personalities used social media to design their campaigns in the 2010 UK elections. To achieve this objective, Baxter (2011) analyzed 18 websites of different political parties, and the activities of 12 politicians, to understand how social media affected their political operations. From his investigation, Baxter (2011) was able to establish the high level of social media adoption by UK politicians in the recently ended 2010 elections. His paper directly relates to the subject of this report because Baxter (2011) discusses the impact of social media on political leaders. Therefore, Baxter (2011) provides a tool for comparing the findings of this study to the evidence presented in his report. Tà ¼rke (2006) explores the extent that information communications technology has changed how people interact within different political structures. He acknowledges that today’s political structures are greatly complex and dynamic. However, he says social media has presented new opportunities of interaction, which were hitherto unknown (Tà ¼rke 2006). Therefore, Tà ¼rke (2006) explores how varying social and political dynamics harmonize to present a new model of interaction between politicians and their supporters. To this extent, Tà ¼rke (2006) contributes to this research process by explaining how online communication redefines how political leaders (and their followers) interact today (using social media). This way, it is easier to understand how online communication redefines and reshapes political interactions and governance structures. A related research paper that closely resembles the analogy by Tà ¼rke (2006) is a research paper by Gadekar (2011) titled, â€Å"Web sites for e electioneering in Maharashtra and Gujarat, India. † This paper sought to understand how different political leaders (and political parties in India) used social media to communicate their political messages in the 2009 Indian elections. This paper investigated more than 30 websites run by political parties, and political leaders, to investigate how they used this online platform to mobilize support for their political objectives. The studies occurr ed in two Indian states, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Gadekar (2011) provides a significant contribution to this study because he broadly explains how politicians have used social media, in the past, to advance their political agendas. More specifically, Gadekar (2011) uses a different environment (India) to investigate how online communication works in other social environments. This way, it is easy to compare how political leaders use social media to undertake their political activities in developing and developed nations. Through a research paper titled, â€Å"The use of the Internet in the British European Parliament Election, 2009,† Jackson and Lilleker (2010) investigate the impact of Web 2.0 applications in Europe’s political processes. Mainly, both authors sought to understand how the online platform improved the interaction between political leaders and their followers. The research paper focused on understanding the political intrigues of the 2009 European parlia mentary elections by evaluating the web contents of different political leaders, plus how such online tools changed their interaction with their supporters. Jackson and Lilleker (2010) also provide an insightful analysis into how political leaders use social media to interact with their supporters. Therefore, like Gadekar (2011), it is simpler to understand how Jackson and Lilleker (2010) show the use of social media in advancing political agendas. This analysis also shows how such an insight will explain how political leaders change their strategies by adopting social media as a political tool. Comprehensively, these studies are beneficial to the understanding of how social media impact political leaders. References Abdelhay, N 2012, ‘The Arab uprising 2011: new media in the hands of a new generation in North Africa’, Aslib Proceedings, vol. 64 no. 5, pp. 529 – 539. Baxter, G 2011, ‘The use of the internet by political parties and candidates in Scotland du ring the 2010 UK general election campaign’, Aslib Proceedings, vol. 63 no. 5, pp. 464 – 483. Gadekar, R 2011, ‘Web sites for e-electioneering in Maharashtra and Gujarat, India’, Internet Research, vol. 21 no. 4, pp. 435 – 457. Jackson, N Lilleker, D 2010, ‘Tentative steps towards interaction: The use of the Internet in the British European Parliament Election 2009’, Internet Research, vol. 20 no. 5, pp. 527 – 544. Mansour, E 2012, ‘The role of social networking sites (SNSs) in the January 25th Revolution in Egypt’, Library Review, vol. 61 no. 2, pp. 128 – 159. Payton, F 2012, ‘Considering the political roles of Black talk radio and the Afrosphere in response to the Jena 6: Social media and the blogosphere’, Information Technology People, vol. 25 no. 1, pp. 81 – 102. Tà ¼rke, R 2006, ‘Towards productive and sustainable forms of interaction in governance’, Kybernetes, vol. 35 no. 1, pp. 164 – 181.